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''Amanita phalloides'' , commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Widely distributed across Europe, ''A. phalloides'' forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, the death cap has been introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in colour, with a white stipe and gills. These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species (most notably caesar's mushroom and the straw mushroom) commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. ''A. phalloides'' is one of the most poisonous of all known toadstools. It has been involved in the majority of human deaths from mushroom poisoning,〔Benjamin, p.200.〕 possibly including the deaths of Roman Emperor Claudius in AD 54 and Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740. It has been the subject of much research, and many of its biologically active agents have been isolated. The principal toxic constituent is α-amanitin, which damages the liver and kidneys, causing hepatic and renal failure which can be fatal. ==Taxonomy and naming== The death cap was first described by French botanist Sébastien Vaillant in 1727, who gave a succinct phrase name "''Fungus phalloides, annulatus, sordide virescens, et patulus''", which is still recognizable as the fungus today. Though the scientific name ''phalloides'' means "phallus-shaped", it is unclear whether it is named for its resemblance to a literal phallus or the stinkhorn mushrooms ''Phallus''. In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries described it as ''Agaricus phalloides'', but included all white amanitas within its description. Finally in 1833, Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link settled on the name ''Amanita phalloides'',〔 Link JHF (1833) ''Grundriss der Kraeuterkunde IV''. Haude und Spenerschen Buchhandlung (S.J. Joseephy), Berlin〕 after Persoon had named it ''Amanita viridis'' 30 years earlier. Although Louis Secretan's use of the name ''Amanita phalloides'' predates Link's, it has been rejected for nomenclatural purposes because Secretan's works did not use binomial nomenclature consistently; some taxonomists have, however, disagreed with this opinion. ''Amanita phalloides'' is the type species of ''Amanita'' section Phalloideae, a group that contains all of the deadly poisonous ''Amanita'' species thus far identified. Most notable of these are the species known as destroying angels, namely ''Amanita virosa'' and ''Amanita bisporigera'', as well as the fool's mushroom ''(A. verna)''. The term "destroying angel" has been applied to ''A. phalloides'' at times, but "death cap" is by far the most common vernacular name used in English. Other common names also listed include "stinking amanita"〔 and "deadly amanita".〔Benjamin, p.203〕 A rarely appearing, all-white form was initially described ''A. phalloides'' f. ''alba'' by Max Britzelmayr,〔〔Jordan & Wheeler, p.109〕 though its status has been unclear. It is often found growing amid normally colored death caps. It has been described, in 2004, as a distinct variety and includes what was termed ''A. verna'' var. ''tarda''.〔 The true ''Amanita verna'' fruits in spring and turns yellow with KOH solution, whereas ''A. phalloides'' never does. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Amanita phalloides」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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